Carl Scheele, nyanzvi yekemisitiri yekuSweden, naDaniel Rutherford, nyanzvi yemiti yekuScotland, vakawana nitrogen zvakasiyana muna 1772. Reverend Cavendish naLavoisier vakawanawo nitrogen vakazvimirira panguva imwe chete. Nitrogen yakatanga kuzivikanwa sechinhu naLavoisier, akachitumidza kuti "azo", zvichireva kuti "zvisina hupenyu". Chaptal akatumidza element nitrogen muna 1790. Zita rinobva paizwi rechiGiriki rekuti "nitre" (nitrate rine nitrogen in nitrate)
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Zvitubu zveNitrogen
Nitrogen ndiyo chikamu chemakumi matatu chekuwanda kwazvo paPasi. Tichifunga kuti nitrogen inotora 4/5 yehuwandu hwemhepo, kana kupfuura 78%, tine huwandu husingaverengeki hwenitrogen inowanikwa kwatiri. Nitrogen inowanikwawo muchimiro chenitrate mumhando dzakasiyana dzezvicherwa, senge Chilean saltpeter (sodium nitrate), saltpeter kana nitre (potassium nitrate), uye zvicherwa zvine ammonium munyu. Nitrogen inowanikwa mumamorekuru akawanda akaomarara, anosanganisira mapuroteni nemaamino acids aripo mune zvese zvipenyu.
Zvinhu zvenyama
Nitrogen N2 igasi risina ruvara, risingarakidze, uye risinganhuhwi patembiricha yemumba, uye kazhinji harina chepfu. Kuwanda kwegasi pasi pemamiriro akajairwa ndeye 1.25g/L. Nitrogen inotora 78.12% yemhepo yose (chikamu chevhoriyamu) uye ndicho chikamu chikuru chemhepo. Kune 400 trillion matani egasi mumhepo.
Pasi pekumanikidzwa kwemuchadenga, kana yatonhodzwa kusvika -195.8 ℃, inova mvura isina ruvara. Kana yatonhodzwa kusvika -209.86 ℃, mvura yenitrogen inova yakasimba sechando.
Nitrogen haibatike uye inoonekwa segasi rinopisa (kureva, kufema nitrogen yakachena kunotadzisa muviri wemunhu oxygen). Nitrogen ine kunyungudika kwakaderera mumvura. Pa283K, vhoriyamu imwe yemvura inogona kunyungudika anenge 0.02 mavhoriyamu eN2.
Chemical properties
Nitrogen ine zvimiro zvemakemikari zvakagadzikana. Zvakaoma kuita pamwe nezvimwe zvinhu patembiricha yemumba, asi inogona kuchinjwa nemakemikari nezvimwe zvinhu pasi petembiricha yepamusoro uye mamiriro esimba repamusoro, uye inogona kushandiswa kugadzira zvinhu zvitsva zvinobatsira vanhu.
Iyo molecular orbital formula yemamorekuru enitrogen ndeye KK σs2 σs*2 σp2 σp*2 πp2. Mapaya matatu emaerekitironi anobatsira pakubatana, kureva kuti, maviri π bond uye imwe σ bond inoumbwa. Iko hakuna mupiro wekubatana, uye iyo yekubatanidza uye anti-bonding simba rinenge risingapere, uye iwo akaenzana neamwechete erekitironi pairi. Sezvo paine katatu chisungo N≡N muN2 molecule, iyo N2 molecule ine kugadzikana kukuru, uye zvinotora 941.69 kJ/mol yesimba kuti iparadze kuita maatomu. Iyo N2 molecule ndiyo yakanyanya kugadzikana yeanozivikanwa diatomic molecules, uye hukama hwema molecular mass ye nitrogen ndeye 28. Uyezve, nitrogen haisi nyore kupisa uye haitsigire kupisa.
Test method
Isa iyo Mg bar inopisa mubhodhoro rekuunganidza gasi rakazadzwa nenitrogen, uye Mg bar icharamba ichipisa. Bvisa madota asara (zvishoma yellow powder Mg3N2), wedzera mvura shoma, uye gadzira gasi (ammonia) rinoshandura rakanyorova red litmus bepa bhuruu. Reaction equation: 3Mg + N2 = kupisa = Mg3N2 (magnesium nitride); Mg3N2 + 6H2O = 3Mg (OH) 2 + 2NH3↑
Bonding maitiro uye valence bond chimiro chenitrogen
Nekuti chinhu chimwe chete N2 chakagadzikana zvakanyanya pasi pemamiriro akajairwa, vanhu vanowanzo tenda zvisirizvo kuti nitrogen chinhu chisingashande mumakemikari. Muchokwadi, pane zvinopesana, elemental nitrogen ine yakakwira makemikari kuita. Iyo electronegativity yeN (3.04) yechipiri chete kune F uye O, zvichiratidza kuti inogona kugadzira zvisungo zvakasimba nezvimwe zvinhu. Pamusoro pezvo, kugadzikana kwechinhu chimwe chete N2 molecule inongoratidza kuita kweN atomu. Dambudziko nderekuti vanhu havasati vawana iwo akanakisa mamiriro ekumisikidza maN2 mamorekuru pakamuri tembiricha nekumanikidza. Asi mumasikirwo, mamwe mabhakitiriya ari pamatinji ezvirimwa anogona kushandura N2 mumhepo kuita nitrogen makomputa pasi pemamiriro epasi-simba pane yakajairika tembiricha uye kumanikidza, uye oashandisa sefotereza yekukura kwezvirimwa.
Naizvozvo, chidzidzo chekugadzirisa nitrogen chagara chiri nyaya yakakosha yekutsvagisa sainzi. Naizvozvo, zvinodikanwa kuti isu tinzwisise maitiro ekubatanidza uye valence bond chimiro chenitrogen zvakadzama.
Bond type
Iyo valence electron layer yeN atomu ndeye 2s2p3, kureva kuti, kune matatu maerekitironi mamwechete uye peya yemaerekitironi mapeya. Zvichienderana neizvi, kana uchigadzira makomboni, marudzi matatu anotevera mabhondi anogona kugadzirwa:
1. Kugadzira mabhondi e-ionic 2. Kuumba mabhondi ane covalent 3. Kuumba mabhondi ekubatanidza
1. Kugadzira ionic zvisungo
N maatomu ane yakakwirira electronegativity (3.04). Pavanoumba binary nitrides nesimbi ine yakaderera electronegativity, akadai Li (electronegativity 0.98), Ca (electronegativity 1.00), uye Mg (electronegativity 1.31), vanogona kuwana 3 maerekitironi uye kuumba N3- ions. N2+ 6 Li == 2 Li3N N2+ 3 Ca == Ca3N2 N2+ 3 Mg =ignite= Mg3N2 N3- ions ine chaji yakakwira yakaipa uye radius yakakura (171pm). Vachave vakasimba hydrolyzed pavanosangana nemamorekuru emvura. Naizvozvo, majoini eionic anogona kungovapo munzvimbo yakaoma, uye hapazove neiyo hydrated ion yeN3-.
2. Kuumbwa kwezvisungo zve covalent
Kana maatomu eN aumba makomboni neasiri-simbi ane yakakwirira electronegativity, anotevera covalent bond anoumbwa:
⑴N maatomu anotora sp3 hybridization state, anoumba matatu covalent bond, chengeta peya yemaelectron pairs, uye molecular configuration itrigonal pyramidal, yakadai seNH3, NF3, NCl3, nezvimwewo. tetrahedron yenguva dzose, yakadai seNH4+ ions.
⑵N maatomu anotora sp2 hybridization state, anoumba maviri covalent bond uye one bond, uye anochengeta maviri ega erekitironi mapeya, uye mamolecular kumisikidzwa ari angular, senge Cl—N=O. (N atomu inoumba σ bond uye π bond neCl atomu, uye peya yemaerekitironi maviri epairi paN atomu inoita kuti molekuru ive katatu.) NO3- ion. Mu nitric acid molecule, N atomu inoumba matatu σ zvisungo ane matatu O maatomu zvichiteerana, uye peya yemaerekitironi pa π orbital yayo uye imwechete π maerekitironi emaatomu maviri O anoumba matatu-pakati mana-erekitironi delocalized π chisungo. Mu nitrate ion, mana-pakati matanhatu-erekitironi delocalized hombe π chisungo inoumbwa pakati matatu O maatomu uye nechepakati N atomu. Ichi chimiro chinoita inooneka oxidation nhamba yeN atomu mu nitric acid +5. Nekuda kwekuvapo kwezvisungo zvakakura π, nitrate yakagadzikana zvakakwana pasi pemamiriro akajairika. ⑶N atomu inotora sp hybridization kuti iite covalent triple bond uye inochengeta peya yemaerekitironi maviri maviri. Iyo molecular kumisikidzwa ine mutsara, senge chimiro cheN atomu muN2 molecule uye CN-.
3. Kuumbwa kwezvisungo zvekubatanidza
Kana maatomu enitrogen akaumba zvinhu zviri nyore kana makomisheni, anowanzo chengetedza maviri emagetsi ega ega, saka zvinhu zvakapfava zvakadaro kana makomisheni anogona kuita semaelectron pair donors kuti awirirane neayoni esimbi. Semuenzaniso, [Cu(NH3)4]2+ kana [Tu(NH2)5]7, zvichingodaro.
Oxidation state-Gibbs yemahara simba dhizaini
Inogonawo kuonekwa kubva kune iyo oxidation state-Gibbs yemahara simba dhiyagiramu yenitrogen iyo, kunze kweNH4 ions, iyo N2 molecule ine oxidation nhamba ye0 iri pazasi penzvimbo ye curve mudhayagiramu, izvo zvinoratidza kuti N2 iri thermodynamically. yakagadzikana maererano nenitrogen makomisheni ane dzimwe oxidation nhamba.
Hukoshi hweakasiyana nitrogen makomisheni ane oxidation manhamba ari pakati pe0 ne +5 ese ari pamusoro pemutsara unobatanidza mapoinzi maviri HNO3 neN2 (mutsetse une doti padhayagiramu), saka makomponi aya haana kugadzikana ne thermodynamically uye anowanzoita disproportionation maitiro. Iyo chete mudhayagiramu ine kukosha kwakaderera pane iyo N2 molecule ndiyo NH4 + ion. [1] Kubva pane oxidation state-Gibbs yemahara simba dhiyagiramu yenitrogen uye chimiro cheN2 molecule, zvinogona kuoneka kuti elemental N2 haishande. Chete pasi pekushisa kwepamusoro, kusimba kwepamusoro uye kuvapo kwechinokonzera kunogona kuita nitrogen nehydrogen kuti iite ammonia: Pasi pemamiriro ekubuda, nitrogen inogona kusanganiswa neoxygen kuti iite nitric oxide: N2 + O2 = discharge = 2NO Nitric oxide inokurumidza kusanganiswa neoxygen. fomu nitrogen dioxide 2NO+O2=2NO2 Nitrogen dioxide inonyungudika mumvura kuita nitric acid, nitric oxide 3NO2+H2O=2HNO3+NO Munyika dzine simba remvura rakagadzirwa, kuita uku kwakashandiswa kugadzira nitric acid. N2 inopindirana nehydrogen kuti ibudise ammonia: N2+3H2=== (chiratidzo chinodzokororwa) 2NH3 N2 inobata nesimbi ine yakaderera ionization inogoneka uye ine nitrides ine high lattice simba kugadzira ionic nitrides. Semuyenzaniso: N2 inogona kuita zvakanangana nesimbi lithium pane tembiricha: 6 Li + N2 === 2 Li3N N2 inopindirana nealkaline pasi simbi Mg, Ca, Sr, Ba pane incandescent tembiricha: 3 Ca + N2=== Ca3N2 N2 inogona chete inopindirana ne boron nealuminium pakudziya kwe incandescent: 2 B + N2 === 2 BN (macromolecule compound) N2 inowanzoita nesilicon uye zvimwe zvinhu zveboka pane tembiricha inodarika 1473K.
Iyo nitrogen molecule inopa mapeya matatu emaerekitironi kuti abatane, kureva, kugadzira maviri π bond uye imwe σ bond. Izvo hazvibatsire pakubatana, uye kusungirirana uye anti-bonding simba rinenge risingagadziriswe, uye iwo akaenzana neamwechete erekitironi pairi. Nekuti pane katatu chisungo N≡N muN2 molecule, iyo N2 molecule ine kugadzikana kukuru, uye zvinotora 941.69kJ/mol yesimba kuti iparadze kuita maatomu. Iyo N2 molecule ndiyo yakanyanya kugadzikana yeanozivikanwa diatomic molecules, uye hukama hwema molecular mass ye nitrogen ndeye 28. Uyezve, nitrogen haisi nyore kupisa uye haitsigire kupisa.
Nguva yekutumira: Jul-23-2024
