1. Mechanical properties yesimbi
1. Nzvimbo yegoho (σs)
Kana iyo simbi kana sampu yakatambanudzwa, kana kushushikana kuchipfuura muganho we elastic, kunyangwe kushushikana kusinga wedzere, simbi kana sampu ichiri kuenderera mberi nekubuda pachena kwepurasitiki. Chiitiko ichi chinodaidzwa kunzi goho, uye iyo shoma yekushushikana ukoshi kana goho richiitika ndeye goho. Rega Ps ive simba rekunze pane goho s, uye Fo ive iyo mhiri-chikamu nzvimbo yemuenzaniso, ipapo goho poindi σs =Ps/Fo(MPa).
2. Kuburitsa simba (σ0.2)
Nzvimbo yegoho yezvimwe zvinhu zvesimbi haina kunyatsojeka, uye zvakaoma kuyera. Nokudaro, kuitira kuyera maitiro ezvibereko zvezvinhu, kushushikana apo kusingaperi kwakasara kwepurasitiki deformation yakaenzana nehumwe kukosha (kazhinji 0.2% yehurefu hwepakutanga) inotarirwa, iyo inonzi mamiriro. Goho simba kana kungoburitsa simba σ0.2.
3. Kusimba kwesimba (σb)
Iyo yakanyanya kushushikana kukosha yakasvika nezvinhu kubva pakutanga kusvika panguva yekuputsika panguva yekutambanudza nzira. Inomiririra kukwanisa kwesimbi kupikisa kuputsika. Zvinoenderana nekusimba kwesimba isimba rekumanikidza, kuchinjika simba, zvichingodaro. Rega Pb ive iyo yakanyanya kusimba simba rinosvika zvinhu zvisati zvaputswa, uye Fo ive nzvimbo yepakati-chikamu chemuenzaniso, ipapo simba rekusimba σb=Pb/Fo (MPa). )
4. Kurebesa (δs)
Mushure mekunge chinhu chatyoka, chikamu chekurebesa kwepurasitiki kusvika paurefu hwesample yepakutanga inodaidzwa kuti elongation kana kurebesa.
5. Goho reshiyo (σs/σb)
Huyero yegoho (yield strength) yesimbi kusvika pakusimba inonzi goho reshiyo. Iyo yakakura chiyero chegoho, iyo yakakwirira kuvimbika kwezvikamu zvemaitiro. Kazhinji, iyo yegoho reshiyo yekabhoni simbi ndeye 0.6-0.65, iyo yepasi-alloy structural simbi ndeye 0.65-0.75, uye iyo yealloy structural simbi i0.84-0.86.
6. Kuoma
Kuomarara kunoratidza kugona kwechinhu kuramba kudzvanyirira chinhu chakaoma mukati maro. Icho chimwe chezviratidzo zvakakosha zvekushanda kwezvinhu zvesimbi. Kazhinji, iyo yakakwirira kuoma, zviri nani kupfeka kuramba. Anowanzo shandiswa kuomarara zviratidzo zvinoti Brinell kuomarara, Rockwell kuomarara uye Vickers kuoma.
1) Brinell kuoma (HB)
Dzvanya bhora rakaomeswa resimbi yeimwe saizi (kazhinji 10mm mudhayamita) mukati meiyo zvinhu ine imwe mutoro (kazhinji 3000kg) uye uichengete kwenguva yakati. Mushure mokunge mutoro wacho wabviswa, chiyero chemutoro kune nzvimbo yekudzivirira ndiyo Brinell hardness value (HB).
2) Rockwell kuoma (HR)
Kana HB>450 kana sampuli iri diki zvakanyanya, Brinell kuomarara bvunzo haigone kushandiswa uye Rockwell kuyerwa kwekuomarara kunofanira kushandiswa pachinzvimbo. Inoshandisa koni yedhaimondi ine vertex angle ye120 ° kana bhora resimbi rine dhayamita ye1.59mm uye 3.18mm kudzvanya pamusoro pechinhu kuti chiedzwe pasi pemumwe mutoro, uye kuoma kwezvinhu kunowanikwa kubva. kudzika kweiyo indentation. Zvinoenderana nekuoma kweiyo bvunzo zvinhu, inogona kuratidzwa muzvikamu zvitatu zvakasiyana:
HRA: Ndiko kuomarara kunowanikwa nekushandisa 60kg mutoro uye diamond cone indenter, uye inoshandiswa kune zvinhu zvine kuomarara kwakanyanya (senge simende carbide, nezvimwewo).
HRB: Ndiko kuoma kunowanikwa nekushandisa 100kg mutoro uye bhora rakaoma resimbi rine dhayamita ye1.58mm. Inoshandiswa kune zvigadzirwa zvine kuomarara kwakadzika (senge annealed steel, cast iron, etc.).
HRC: Ndiko kuomarara kunowanikwa nekushandisa 150kg mutoro uye diamond cone indenter, uye inoshandiswa kune zvinhu zvine hurema hwakanyanya (senge simbi yakaoma, nezvimwewo).
3) Vickers kuoma (HV)
Shandisa dhaimondi square cone indenter ine mutoro usingasviki 120kg uye vertex angle ye136 ° kudzvanya mukati meiyo zvinhu, uye patsanura nzvimbo yekumusoro yegomba rekudzika nekukosha kwemutoro kuti uwane iyo Vickers kuomarara kukosha (HV. )
2. Ferrous uye non-ferrous simbi
1. Simbi ine simbi
Zvinoreva alloy yesimbi nesimbi. Zvakadai sesimbi, nguruve simbi, ferroalloy, simbi yakakandwa, etc. Zvose simbi uye nguruve simbi masimbi akavakirwa pasimbi nekabhoni sechinhu chikuru chekuwedzera, pamwe chete chinonzi iron-carbon alloys.
Nguruve (pig iron) inoreva chigadzirwa chinogadzirwa nekunyungudutsa simbi mumoto unoputika, unonyanya kushandiswa kugadzira simbi nekukanda.
Kunyungudutsa simbi yenguruve muchoto chesimbi kuti uwane simbi yakakandwa (liquid iron-carbon alloy ine kabhoni yemukati inodarika 2.11%), nekukandira iyo mvura yakakandwa simbi mumakanda, rudzi urwu rwesimbi inonzi cast iron.
Ferroalloy ialloy inoumbwa nesimbi, silicon, manganese, chromium, titanium uye zvimwe zvinhu. Ferroalloy ndeimwe yezvigadzirwa zvesimbi. Inoshandiswa se deoxidizer uye alloy element yekuwedzera yesimbi panguva yekugadzira simbi.
Iron-carbon alloys ine carbon content isingasviki 2.11% inonzi simbi, uye simbi inowanikwa nekuisa simbi yenguruve yekugadzira simbi muchoto chekugadzira simbi uye kuinyungudutsa maererano neimwe nzira. Zvigadzirwa zvesimbi zvinosanganisira ingots dzesimbi, kuenderera mberi kukanda slabs uye kukanda kwakananga mune dzakasiyana siyana castings. Kazhinji, simbi inowanzoreva simbi yakakungurutswa kuita zvigadzirwa zvakasiyana-siyana zvesimbi.
2. Masimbi asina-ferrous
Iyo inozivikanwawo sesimbi isina-ferrous, inoreva simbi uye alloys kunze kwesimbi, semhangura, tin, lead, zinc, aruminiyamu, nendarira, bhuronzi, aruminiyamu alloys, uye anotakura alloys. Mukuwedzera, chromium, nickel, manganese, molybdenum, cobalt, vanadium, tungsten, titanium, nezvimwewo zvinoshandiswawo mumaindasitiri. Masimbi aya anonyanya kushandiswa se alloy alloy anowedzera kushanda kwesimbi. Pakati pavo, tungsten, titanium, molybdenum, nezvimwewo zvinonyanya kushandiswa kugadzira mapanga. hard alloy. Masimbi ari pamusoro apa anonzi masimbi emuindasitiri, kuwedzera kune simbi dzinokosha: platinum, goridhe, sirivheri, nezvimwewo uye simbi dzisingawanzo zvinosanganisira radioactive uranium, radium, nezvimwe.
3. Kurongwa kwesimbi
Mukuwedzera kune iron uye kabhoni, zvinhu zvikuru zvesimbi zvinosanganisira silicon, manganese, sulfur uye phosphorus.
Kune nzira dzakasiyana dzekuisa simbi, uye nzira huru ndedzinotevera:
1. Inorongwa nemhando
(1) Simbi yakajairika (P≤0.045%, S≤0.050%)
(2) Simbi yemhando yepamusoro (zvose P uye S≤0.035%)
(3) Simbi yepamusoro (P≤0.035%, S≤0.030%)
2. Kurongwa nemakemikari
(1) Simbi yekabhoni: a. Yakaderera kabhoni simbi (C≤0.25%); b. Medium carbon steel (C≤0.25～0.60%); c. High carbon steel (C≤0.60%).
(2) Alloy simbi: a. Yakaderera alloy simbi (yakazara yezvinhu zvealloying elements ≤ 5%); b. Medium alloy simbi (yakazara yemukati yealloying element> 5-10%); c. Yakakwira alloy simbi (yese yemukati yealloying element> 10% %).
3. Inorongwa nekugadzira nzira
(1) simbi yakagadzirwa; (2) simbi yakagadzirwa; (3) simbi inopisa; (4) simbi inodhonzwa nechando.
4. Classification maererano metallographic chimiro
(1) Mamiriro ekunze: a. hypoeutectoid simbi (ferrite + pearlite); b. eutectoid simbi (pearlite); c. hypereutectoid simbi (pearlite + cementite); d. Tensitic simbi (pearlite + cementite).
(2) Chimiro chakajairwa: a. pearlitic simbi; b. bainite simbi; c. martensitic simbi; d. austenitic simbi.
(3) Hapana shanduko yechikamu kana chikamu chechikamu chekuchinja
5. Kuronga maererano nechinangwa
(1) Simbi yekuvaka neinjiniya: a. Ordinary carbon structural simbi; b. Yakaderera alloy structural simbi; c. Simbi yakasimbiswa.
(2) Simbi yekugadzira:
a. Simbi yekugadzira michina: (a) Yakadzima uye yakanyoroveswa simbi yekugadzira; (b) Simbi yakaomeswa yepasi: inosanganisira carburizing simbi, ammoniated simbi, uye pamusoro pesimbi yakaoma; (c) Easy-cut structural simbi; (d) Cold plasticity Simbi yekugadzira: inosanganisira simbi yekutsikirira inotonhora uye simbi yekutonhora musoro.
b. Chitubu simbi
c. Kutakura simbi
(3) Simbi yemudziyo: a. carbon tool simbi; b. alloy tool simbi; c. high-speed tool simbi.
(4) Simbi yekushanda yakakosha: a. Stainless acid-resistant simbi; b. Simbi inodzivirira kupisa: inosanganisira anti-oxidation simbi, kupisa-simba simbi, valve simbi; c. Magetsi anopisa alloy simbi; d. Kupfeka-resistant simbi; e. Kupisa kwakadzika simbi ; f. Simbi yemagetsi.
(5) Simbi yekushandiswa kwehunyanzvi-senge simbi yemabhiriji, simbi yezvikepe, simbi yemaboilers, simbi yekumanikidza midziyo, simbi yemichina yekurima, nezvimwe.
6. Hurongwa hwakakwana
(1) Simbi yakajairika
a. Carbon structural simbi: (a) Q195; (b) Q215 (A, B); (c) Q235 (A, B, C); (d) Q255 (A, B); (e) Q275.
b. Yakaderera alloy structural simbi
c. Chimiro chesimbi chechimiro chezvinangwa zvakananga
(2) Simbi yemhando yepamusoro (kusanganisira yepamusoro-giredhi remhando yepamusoro simbi)
a. Structural simbi: (a) yepamusoro-soro kabhoni structural simbi; (b) alloy structural simbi; (c) chitubu simbi; (d) simbi inocheka pasina; (e) simbi inotakura; (f) simbi yemhando yepamusoro yezvinangwa zvakananga.
b. Tool simbi: (a) carbon tool simbi; (b) alloy tool simbi; (c) high-speed tool simbi.
c. Special performance simbi: (a) Stainless acid-resistant simbi; (b) simbi inodzivirira kupisa; (c) magetsi ekudziya alloy simbi; (d) simbi yemagetsi; (e) high manganese kupfeka-resistant simbi.
7. Yakarongedzwa nenzira yekunyungudutsa
(1) Maererano nemhando yevira
a. Shanduri simbi: (a) acidic converter simbi; (b) basic converter simbi. Kana (a) pasi-inoputika simbi inoshandura; (b) simbi inotenderedzwa nedivi; (c) pamusoro-kuvhuvhuta converter simbi.
b. Chigadziko chemagetsi simbi: (a) magetsi arc furnace simbi; (b) electroslag choto simbi; (c) induction choto simbi; (d) vacuum consumable choto simbi; (e) erekitironi danda choto simbi.
(2) Zvinoenderana nehuwandu hwe deoxidation uye kudira system
a. Boiling steel; b. Semi-akaurayiwa simbi; c. Akaurayiwa simbi; d. Special yakaurawa simbi.
4. Muchidimbu nzira dzekumiririra giredhi resimbi munyika yangu
Chiratidzo chegiredhi rechigadzirwa chinowanzo kuratidzwa nemusanganiswa weChinese pinyin mavara, kemikari element zviratidzo uye manhamba echiArab. Izvozvi:
①Makemikari ari mumagiredhi esimbi anomiririrwa nezviratidzo zvemakemikari epasi rese, seSi, Mn, Cr… nezvimwe. Musanganiswa zvisingawanzo zvinhu zvepasi zvinomiririrwa ne "RE" (kana "Xt").
②Zita rechigadzirwa, kushandiswa, kunyunguduka uye nzira dzekudira, nezvimwewo zvinowanzomiririrwa nemavara akadimburirwa eChinese Pinyin.
③Chikamu chikuru chemakemikari emukati (%) musimbi inomiririrwa nenhamba dzechiArab.
Kana maChinese phonetic alphabet achishandiswa kuratidza zita rechigadzirwa, mashandisiro, maitiro uye nzira dzekugadzirisa, vara rekutanga rinowanzo kusarudzwa kubva kuChinese phonetic alphabet inomiririra zita rechigadzirwa. Painodzokororwa netsamba yakasarudzwa nechimwe chigadzirwa, vara rechipiri kana rechitatu rinogona kushandiswa panzvimbo pacho, kana kuti vara repinyin rekutanga remavara maviri echiChinese rinogona kusarudzwa panguva imwe chete.
Kana pasina mavara echiChinese uye pinyin zviripo panguva ino, zviratidzo zvinoshandiswa mavara echiRungu.
shanu, kupatsanurwa kwekumiririra nzira yesimbi mamakisi munyika yangu
1. Kududza nzira yekabhoni structural simbi uye yakaderera-alloy yakakwirira-simba rekuvaka simbi.
Simbi inoshandiswa pamusoro apa inowanzoparadzaniswa kuva mapoka maviri: simbi yakawanda uye simbi inokosha. Iyo nzira yekuratidza giredhi inoumbwa neChinese pinyin mavara eiyo goho point kana goho simba resimbi, kukosha kweiyo goho point kana goho simba, giredhi yemhando yesimbi, uye dhigirii re deoxidation yesimbi, iyo inoumbwa nezvikamu zvina.
①General structural simbi inotora bhii repinyin "Q" rinomiririra goho. Iko kukosha kwepoindi yegoho (yuniti iMPa) uye mamakisi emhando (A, B, C, D, E) uye nzira ye deoxidation (F, b, Z, TZ) uye zvimwe zviratidzo zvinotsanangurwa muTebhurari 1 zvinoumba giredhi mukurongeka. Semuyenzaniso: kabhoni structural simbi mamakisi anoratidzwa se: Q235AF, Q235BZ; low-alloy high-simba structural simbi mamakisi anoratidzwa se: Q345C, Q345D.
Q235BZ zvinoreva kuuraya kabhoni structural simbi ine goho poindi kukosha ≥ 235MPa uye yemhando giredhi B.
Iwo magiredhi maviri eQ235 neQ345 ndiwo akajairika mamakisi einjiniya simbi, mamakisi ane yakakura kugadzira uye kushandiswa, uye mamakisi anonyanya kushandiswa. Aya magiredhi maviri anowanikwa munenge nyika dzese pasirese.
Mugiredhi rekuumbwa kwekabhoni structural simbi, chiratidzo che "Z" chesimbi yakaurayiwa uye chiratidzo che "TZ" chesimbi chaiyo yakaurayiwa chinogona kusiiwa, semuenzaniso: paQ235 simbi ine mhando C uye D zvakateerana, mamakisi anofanira kunge ari Q235CZ. uye Q235DTZ, Asi inogona kusiiwa seQ235C neQ235D.
Yakaderera-alloy yakakwirira-simba rekugadzirisa simbi inosanganisira yakaurayiwa simbi uye yakakosha yakaurayiwa simbi, asi chiratidzo chinoratidza nzira ye deoxidation haina kuwedzerwa pakupera kwegiredhi.
②Special structural simbi inowanzo ratidzwa nechiratidzo "Q" chinomiririra goho resimbi, kukosha kwegoho, uye zviratidzo zvinomiririra kushandiswa kwechigadzirwa kunotsanangurwa muTebhu 1, semuenzaniso: giredhi resimbi yemidziyo yekumanikidza inoratidzirwa. se "Q345R"; giredhi resimbi yemamiriro ekunze Inoratidzwa seQ340NH; Q295HP simbi mamakisi yewelding gasi masilinda; Q390g simbi mamakisi kuti boilers; Q420q simbi mamakisi mabhiriji.
③Maererano nezvinodiwa, kudomwa kwesimbi-yechinangwa yakaderera-yakadzika-yakasimba-yakasimba simbi inogona zvakare kushandisa manhamba maviri echiArab (inoratidza avhareji kabhoni yemukati, muzvikamu pazviuru gumi) uye kemikari element zviratidzo, zvinoratidzwa mukurongeka; iyo yakakosha yakaderera-alloy yakakwirira-simba rekuvaka simbi Zita rechiratidzo rinogonawo kuratidzwa mukutevedzana nekushandisa manhamba maviri echiArab (inoratidza avhareji kabhoni yemukati muzvikamu pazviuru gumi), kemikari element zviratidzo, uye zvimwe zvakatsanangurwa zviratidzo zvinomiririra kushandiswa kwe chigadzirwa.
2. Kumiririrwa nzira yemhando yepamusoro kabhoni structural simbi uye yepamusoro-soro kabhoni chitubu simbi
Yepamusoro-soro kabhoni yekugadzira simbi inotora musanganiswa wenhamba mbiri dzechiArab (inoratidza avhareji kabhoni yemukati muzviuru gumi-zviuru) kana nhamba dzechiArab nezviratidzo zvezvinhu.
① Pakubika simbi uye semi-akaurayiwa simbi, zviratidzo "F" uye "b" zvinowedzerwa pakupera kwegiredhi. Semuenzaniso, giredhi resimbi inofashaira ine avhareji kabhoni ye0.08% inotaridzwa se "08F"; giredhi resimbi yakaurayiwa ine avhareji kabhoni ye0.10% inotaridzwa se "10b".
② Simbi yakaurayiwa (S, P≤0.035% zvichiteerana) kazhinji haina kunyorwa nezviratidzo. Semuenzaniso: simbi yakaurayiwa ine avhareji kabhoni yemukati ye0.45%, giredhi rayo rinoratidzwa se "45".
③ Kune emhando yepamusoro kabhoni yakarongeka simbi ine yakakwira manganese zvirimo, chiratidzo che manganese chinowedzerwa mushure me manhamba echiArab anoratidza avhareji kabhoni. Semuenzaniso: simbi ine avhareji kabhoni yemukati ye0.50% uye manganese ye0.70% kusvika 1.00%, giredhi rayo rinoratidzwa se "50Mn".
④ Kune yepamusoro-giredhi yepamusoro-yemhando yekabhoni structural simbi (S, P≤0.030% zvichiteerana), wedzera chiratidzo "A" mushure megiredhi. Semuenzaniso: yepamusoro-giredhi yepamusoro kabhoni structural simbi ine avhareji kabhoni yemukati ye0.45%, giredhi rayo rinoratidzwa se "45A".
⑤Super-giredhi yepamusoro-soro kabhoni structural simbi (S≤0.020%, P≤0.025%), wedzera chiratidzo "E" mushure megiredhi. Semuenzaniso: yepamusoro-soro kabhoni structural simbi ine avhareji kabhoni yemukati ye0.45%, giredhi rayo rinoratidzwa se "45E".
Iyo yekumiririra nzira yemhando yepamusoro kabhoni chitubu chesimbi mamakisi yakafanana neyemhando yepamusoro kabhoni structural simbi mamakisi (65, 70, 85, 65Mn masimbi aripo mune ese maviri zviyero GB/T1222 uye GB/T699 zvichiteerana).
3. Kududza nzira ye alloy structural simbi uye alloy chitubu simbi
① Alloy dhizaini simbi mamakisi anomiririrwa nenhamba dzechiArab uye akajairwa kemikari chinhu zviratidzo.
Shandisa nhamba mbiri dzechiArab kuratidza avhareji yekabhoni yemukati (muzvikamu pazviuru gumi), woiisa kumusoro kwegiredhi.
Iyo nzira yekutaura ye alloy element yemukati ndeiyi inotevera: kana avhareji yemukati iri pasi pe1.50%, chinhu chete chinoratidzwa mumhando, uye zvirimo hazviwanzo kuratidzwa; avhareji alloy yemukati ndeye 1.50%～2.49%, 2.50%～3.49%, 3.50%～4.49%, 4.50%～ 5.49%, ..., inoenderana yakanyorwa se2, 3, 4, 5 ... mushure meiyo alloying zvinhu.
Semuenzaniso: avhareji yemukati kabhoni, chromium, manganese, uye silicon zvakateerana 0.30%, 0.95%, 0.85%, uye 1.05% yealloy structural simbi. Kana zviri muS uye P zviri ≤0.035%, giredhi rinoratidzwa se "30CrMnSi".
High-grade high-quality alloy structural steel (S, P content ≤0.025% maererano), inoratidzwa nekuwedzera chiratidzo "A" pakupera kwegiredhi. Somuenzaniso: "30CrMnSiA".
Kune yakakosha-giredhi yepamusoro-yemhando yepamusoro alloy structural simbi (S≤0.015%, P≤0.025%), wedzera chiratidzo "E" pakupera kwegiredhi, semuenzaniso: "30CrM nSiE".
Kune yakakosha alloy structural simbi mamakisi, chiratidzo chinomiririra kushandiswa kwechigadzirwa kunotsanangurwa muTable 1 inofanira kuwedzerwa kumusoro (kana muswe) wegiredhi. Semuyenzaniso, iyo 30CrMnSi simbi inonyanyo shandiswa riveting screws, iyo simbi nhamba inotaridzwa seML30CrMnSi.
②Nzira yekumiririra yegiredhi yealloy spring steel yakafanana neyeiyo alloy structural simbi.
Semuenzaniso: avhareji yemukati kabhoni, silicon, uye manganese zvakateerana 0.60%, 1.75%, uye 0.75% yechirimo simbi, uye giredhi rayo rinoratidzwa se "60Si2Mn". Nokuda kwepamusoro-soro yepamusoro-soro yesimbi, wedzera chiratidzo "A" pamagumo egiredhi, uye giredhi rayo rinoratidzwa se "60Si2MnA".
4. Giredhi resimbi yemahara
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Nguva yekutumira: Jun-21-2023
